KESEJAHTERAAN PSIKOLOGIS REMAJA PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19: PERAN KECERDASAN EMOSIONAL, DUKUNGAN SOSIAL, DAN STRATEGI KOPING
Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic requires people, including teenagers, to adapt to all aspects of life. It has an impact on the psychological well-being of adolescents. The main objective of this study was to analyze the effect of emotional intelligence, social support, and coping strategies on adolescent psychological well-being. This study used a cross-sectional design, and data was collected online using a questionnaire tool. 427 high school students in DKI Jakarta were involved in this research. Data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation test and the partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM). The study results show that age is positively related to emotional intelligence and social support. Boys have higher emotional intelligence and psychological well-being than girls. The higher the emotional intelligence and adaptive coping, the higher the adolescents’ psychological well-being. Meanwhile, the higher the maladaptive coping, the lower the adolescents’ psychological well-being. Social support was not proven to have a direct effect on the psychological well-being of adolescents, but social support was found to have an indirect effect on psychological well-being, either through adaptive or maladaptive coping. Suggestions based on research results, namely, in an effort to improve psychological well-being, adolescents need to increase emotional intelligence through emotional abilities, social skills, self-control, and a sense of well-being. Family and adolescent environments can provide constructive social support. Besides that, adolescents can be accustomed to effectively dealing with problems to reduce their negative emotional impact and reduce strategies that do not change the situation or make it worse.
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29. Petrides KV. Trait Emotional Intelligence Theory. Ind Organ Psychol. 2010;3(2):136-139. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01213.x
30. Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. J Pers Assess. 1988;52(1):30-41. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
31. Carver CS. You want to measure coping but your protocol’s too long: Consider the brief COPE. Int J Behav Med. 1997;4(1):92-100. doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6
32. Guessoum SB, Lachal J, Radjack R, et al. Adolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291(June):113264. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113264
33. Chirumbolo A, Picconi L, Morelli M, Petrides K V. The assessment of trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric characteristics of the TEIQue-full form in a large Italian adult sample. Front Psychol. 2019;9(JAN):1-10 doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02786
34. Montvilaitė G, Antinienė D. Emotional Intelligence and Stress Coping Strategies of Medical Residents. Balt J Sport Heal Sci. 2020;4(115):13-19. doi:10.33607/bjshs.v4i115.818
35. Davis SK, Humphrey N. The influence of emotional intelligence (EI) on coping and mental health in adolescence: Divergent roles for trait and ability EI. J Adolesc. 2012;35(5):1369-1379. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.05.007
36. Bailen NH, Green LM, Thompson RJ. Understanding Emotion in Adolescents: A Review of Emotional Frequency, Intensity, Instability, and Clarity. Emot Rev. 2019;11(1):63-73. doi:10.1177/1754073918768878
37. Steinberg L, Morris SA. Dolescent evelopment. Annual review of clinical psychology [revista en Internet] 2011 [acceso 10 de febrero de 2018]; 52: 83-110. Published online 2001;52:83-110. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2001-00511-004
38. Qi M, Zhou SJ, Guo ZC, et al. The Effect of Social Support on Mental Health in Chinese Adolescents During the Outbreak of COVID-19. J Adolesc Heal. 2020;67(4):514-518. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.001
39. Kar N, Kar B, Kar S. Stress and coping during COVID-19 pandemic: Result of an online survey. Psychiatry Res. 2021;295(2001):1-5. (November 2020):113598. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113598
40. Seddon JA, Abdel-Baki R, Feige S, Thomassin K. The Cascade Effect of Parent Dysfunction: An Emotion Socialization Transmission Framework. Front Psychol. 2020;11(October):1-14. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579519
41. Alfiasari A, Rachmawati M. Emotional Socialization and Emotional Intelligence Prevent Aggressive Behavior among School-age Children in the Rural Family. J Child Dev Stud. 2017;2(1):12-22. doi:10.29244/jcds.2.1.12-22
42. Breik WD, Zaza HI. Coping strategies adopted by adolescents: A comparative study in relation to gifted status, gender, and family size. Gift Educ Int. 2019;35(1):3-19. doi:10.1177/0261429418824118
43. Boin L. Emotional Intelligence, Coping Styles, and Psychopathology. Eastern Illinois University. Published online 2014:1-71. http://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/1267
44. Salovey P, Mayer JD. Emotional intelligence. Imagin Cogn Pers. 1990;9(3):185-211. doi:10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
45. Mayer JD, Salovey P, Caruso DR, Cherkasskiy L. Emotional intelligence. In: The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge handbooks in psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2011:528-549. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511977244.027
46. Ju C, Lan J, Li Y, Feng W, You X. The mediating role of workplace social support on the relationship between trait emotional intelligence and teacher burnout. Teach Teach Educ. 2015;51:58-67. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2015.06.001
47. Schutte NS, Malouff JM, Simunek M, McKenley J, Hollander S. Characteristic emotional intelligence and emotional well-being. Cogn Emot. 2002;16(6):769-785. doi:10.1080/02699930143000482
48. Compas BE, Connor-Smith JK, Saltzman H, Thomsen AH, Wadsworth ME. Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychol Bull. 2001;127(1):87-127. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.87
49. Hobfoll SE. The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Appl Psychol. 2001;50(3):337-421. doi:10.1111/1464-0597.00062
2. Magson NR, Freeman JYA, Rapee RM, Richardson CE, Oar EL, Fardouly J. Risk and Protective Factors for Prospective Changes in Adolescent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic. J Youth Adolesc. 2021;50(1):44-57. doi:10.1007/s10964-020-01332-9
3. Imania H, Latifah M, Yuliati LN. Kecemasan, Efikasi Diri Akademik, Motivasi Belajar: Analisis Jenis Kelamin pada Mahasiswa selama Pandemi Covid-19. J Ilmu Kel dan Konsum. 2022;15(3):251-263. doi:10.24156/jikk.2022.15.3.251
4. Jiao WY, Wang LN, Liu J, et al. Behavioral and Emotional Disorders in Children during the COVID-19 Epidemic. J Pediatr. 2020;221(June):264-266.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.03.013
5. Golberstein E, Wen H, Miller BF. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Mental Health for Children and Adolescents. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(9):819-820. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1456
6. Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi. Risalah Kebijakan: Mendorong Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Psikologis Siswa Selama Pandemi COVID-19. Puslitjakdikbud. 2021;5:1-8.
7. Unicef. Indonesia: Mayoritas anak muda percaya dunia membaik, namun ingin segera melihat aksi untuk pelbagai krisis yang makin genting. Unicef.org. Published 2021. Accessed February 24, 2023. https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/id/press-releases/indonesia-mayoritas-anak-muda-percaya-dunia-membaik-namun-ingin-segera-melihat-aksi
8. Ryff CD, Keyes CLM. The structure of psychological well-being revisited. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1995;69(4):719-727. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.69.4.719
9. Ryff CD. Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychother Psychosom. 2013;83(1):10-28. doi:10.1159/000353263
10. World Health Organization. Mental health. Published 2022. Accessed March 6, 2023. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-strengthening-our-response
11. Department of Health. Future in Mind: Promoting, Protecting and Improving Our Children and Young People’s Mental Health and Well-being.; NHS England. 2015. Accessed March 1, 2023. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/414024/Childrens_Mental_Health.pdf
12. Singh S, Roy D, Sinha K, Parveen S, Sharma G, Joshi G. Impact of COVID-19 and lockdown on mental health of children and adolescents: A narrative review with recommendations. Psychiatry Res. 2020;293(November):1-10. doi:10.1016/J.PSYCHRES.2020.113429
13. Al-Ghabeesh SH. Coping strategies, social support, and mindfulness improve the psychological well-being of Jordanian burn survivors: A descriptive correlational study. Burns. 2022;48(1):236-243. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2021.04.012
14. Mayordomo T, Viguer P, Sales A, Satorres E, Meléndez JC. Resilience and Coping as Predictors of Well-Being in Adults. J Psychol Interdiscip Appl. 2016;150(7):809-821. doi:10.1080/00223980.2016.1203276
15. Tuason MT, Guss CD, Boyd L. Thriving during COVID-19: Predictors of psychological well-being and ways of coping. PLoS One. 2021;16(3 March):1-19. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248591
16. Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. New York: Springer Publishing company; 1984.
17. Chan PCF, Tsang CTW, Tse ACY, et al. Psychological well-being and coping strategies of healthcare students during the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic. Teach Learn Nurs. 2022;17(4):482-486. doi:10.1016/j.teln.2022.05.008
18. Zeidner M, Saklofske D. Adaptive and maladaptive coping. In: Handbook of Coping: Theory, Research, Applications. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1996:505-531.
19. Thoits PA. Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. J Health Soc Behav. 2011;52(2):145-161. doi:10.1177/0022146510395592
20. Wang M Te, Toro J Del, Scanlon CL, et al. The roles of stress, coping, and parental support in adolescent psychological well-being in the context of COVID-19: A daily-diary study. J Affect Disord. 2021;294(July):245-253. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.082
21. Lábadi B, Arató N, Budai T, et al. Psychological well-being and coping strategies of elderly people during the COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary. Aging Ment Heal. 2022;26(3):570-577. doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1902469
22. Goleman D. Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books, Inc; 1995.
23. Yusoff MSB, Rahim AFA, Esa AR. The USM Emotional Quotient Inventory (USMEQ-i) Manual. Universiti Sains Malaysia; 2010. https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Wb9PAQAACAAJ
24. Lopez-Zafra E, Ramos-álvarez MM, El Ghoudani K, et al. Social support and emotional intelligence as protective resources for well-being in Moroccan adolescents. Front Psychol. 2019;10(JULY)1-15. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01529
25. Enns A, Eldridge GD, Montgomery C, Gonzalez VM. Perceived stress, coping strategies, and emotional intelligence: A cross-sectional study of university students in helping disciplines. Nurse Educ Today. 2018;68(June):226-231. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2018.06.012
26. Delhom I, Gutierrez M, Mayordomo T, Melendez JC. Does Emotional Intelligence Predict Depressed Mood? A Structural Equation Model with Elderly People. J Happiness Stud. 2018;19(6):1713-1726. doi:10.1007/s10902-017-9891-9
27. Satuan Petugas Penanganan COVID 19. Situasi COVID 19 Berdasarkan Provinsi. 2020. https://covid19.go.id/id/peta-sebaran.
28. Direktorat Jendral Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini Pendidikan Dasar dan Pendidikan Menengah. Data Pokok Pendidikan. Kementrian Pendidikan Kebudayaan Riset dan Teknologi. 2022. https://dapo.kemdikbud.go.id/pd/1/010000.
29. Petrides KV. Trait Emotional Intelligence Theory. Ind Organ Psychol. 2010;3(2):136-139. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2010.01213.x
30. Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. J Pers Assess. 1988;52(1):30-41. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
31. Carver CS. You want to measure coping but your protocol’s too long: Consider the brief COPE. Int J Behav Med. 1997;4(1):92-100. doi:10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6
32. Guessoum SB, Lachal J, Radjack R, et al. Adolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291(June):113264. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113264
33. Chirumbolo A, Picconi L, Morelli M, Petrides K V. The assessment of trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric characteristics of the TEIQue-full form in a large Italian adult sample. Front Psychol. 2019;9(JAN):1-10 doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02786
34. Montvilaitė G, Antinienė D. Emotional Intelligence and Stress Coping Strategies of Medical Residents. Balt J Sport Heal Sci. 2020;4(115):13-19. doi:10.33607/bjshs.v4i115.818
35. Davis SK, Humphrey N. The influence of emotional intelligence (EI) on coping and mental health in adolescence: Divergent roles for trait and ability EI. J Adolesc. 2012;35(5):1369-1379. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.05.007
36. Bailen NH, Green LM, Thompson RJ. Understanding Emotion in Adolescents: A Review of Emotional Frequency, Intensity, Instability, and Clarity. Emot Rev. 2019;11(1):63-73. doi:10.1177/1754073918768878
37. Steinberg L, Morris SA. Dolescent evelopment. Annual review of clinical psychology [revista en Internet] 2011 [acceso 10 de febrero de 2018]; 52: 83-110. Published online 2001;52:83-110. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2001-00511-004
38. Qi M, Zhou SJ, Guo ZC, et al. The Effect of Social Support on Mental Health in Chinese Adolescents During the Outbreak of COVID-19. J Adolesc Heal. 2020;67(4):514-518. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.001
39. Kar N, Kar B, Kar S. Stress and coping during COVID-19 pandemic: Result of an online survey. Psychiatry Res. 2021;295(2001):1-5. (November 2020):113598. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113598
40. Seddon JA, Abdel-Baki R, Feige S, Thomassin K. The Cascade Effect of Parent Dysfunction: An Emotion Socialization Transmission Framework. Front Psychol. 2020;11(October):1-14. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579519
41. Alfiasari A, Rachmawati M. Emotional Socialization and Emotional Intelligence Prevent Aggressive Behavior among School-age Children in the Rural Family. J Child Dev Stud. 2017;2(1):12-22. doi:10.29244/jcds.2.1.12-22
42. Breik WD, Zaza HI. Coping strategies adopted by adolescents: A comparative study in relation to gifted status, gender, and family size. Gift Educ Int. 2019;35(1):3-19. doi:10.1177/0261429418824118
43. Boin L. Emotional Intelligence, Coping Styles, and Psychopathology. Eastern Illinois University. Published online 2014:1-71. http://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/1267
44. Salovey P, Mayer JD. Emotional intelligence. Imagin Cogn Pers. 1990;9(3):185-211. doi:10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
45. Mayer JD, Salovey P, Caruso DR, Cherkasskiy L. Emotional intelligence. In: The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge handbooks in psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2011:528-549. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511977244.027
46. Ju C, Lan J, Li Y, Feng W, You X. The mediating role of workplace social support on the relationship between trait emotional intelligence and teacher burnout. Teach Teach Educ. 2015;51:58-67. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2015.06.001
47. Schutte NS, Malouff JM, Simunek M, McKenley J, Hollander S. Characteristic emotional intelligence and emotional well-being. Cogn Emot. 2002;16(6):769-785. doi:10.1080/02699930143000482
48. Compas BE, Connor-Smith JK, Saltzman H, Thomsen AH, Wadsworth ME. Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychol Bull. 2001;127(1):87-127. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.87
49. Hobfoll SE. The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Appl Psychol. 2001;50(3):337-421. doi:10.1111/1464-0597.00062
Authors
Siti Chairani, L., Latifah, M. ., & Muflikhati, I. (2023). KESEJAHTERAAN PSIKOLOGIS REMAJA PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID-19: PERAN KECERDASAN EMOSIONAL, DUKUNGAN SOSIAL, DAN STRATEGI KOPING . JURNAL RISET KESEHATAN POLTEKKES DEPKES BANDUNG, 15(2), 328-342. https://doi.org/10.34011/juriskesbdg.v15i2.2198
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