Analysis of lead and cadmium contamination content in meti shells (Batissa violacea von Lammarck, 1818) from the La'a River, Petasia Village, Central Sulawesi
Abstract
Background: The meti clam (Batissa violacea L. von Lamarck, 1818) is a freshwater bivalve of significant ecological and economic importance, functioning as a natural filter feeder in aquatic ecosystems. However, increasing domestic and anthropogenic activities have contributed to heavy metal contamination in its habitat, posing potential health risks to consumers.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the concentrations of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in meti clams as a preliminary assessment of environmental quality and food safety in the La’a River.
Methods: A quantitative descriptive design supported by laboratory analysis was employed. Samples were purposively collected from three sites—upstream, residential, and downstream—each consisting of 30 edible clams with a minimum shell length of 4 cm. Following wet digestion, meat and shell samples were analyzed for Pb and Cd using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS).
Results: The highest Pb level in meat was found downstream (0.2495 mg/kg), while the highest Cd level was upstream (0.2133 mg/kg). In shells, the highest Pb and Cd levels were detected in residential areas (34.5528 mg/kg and 3.3753 mg/kg). All metal concentrations in edible tissues were below the BPOM limit (1.0 mg/kg), indicating safety for consumption. However, high accumulation in shells indicates environmental stress.
Conclusion: Meti clams remain safe for consumption, but elevated heavy metals in shells reflect environmental pollution. Continuous monitoring and pollution control are needed, and shells may serve as bioindicators of contamination.
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References
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2. Baki OG, Baki B. Levels of heavy metals in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamark, 1819) from the black sea (Sinop, Turkey). Int J Fish Aquat Stud. 2023;11(6):38-42. doi:10.22271/fish.2023.v11.i6a.2876
3. Jamaluddin, Mappiratu, Septiawan, Yuyun Y. Analysis of Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Profile of “Meti” Mussels (Batissa violacea L. Von Lamarck, 1818) in La’a River of Petasia District North Morowali Regency. Rasayan J Chem. 2016;9(4):673-679.
4. Andriyono S, Chandra A, Hartanto MD, et al. Heavy Metals Bioaccumulation in Different Sizes of the Green Mussel ( Perna viridis ) from Ujungpangkah Waters , Gresik , Indonesia. Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish. 2025;29(4):863-879.
5. Jamaluddin J, Amelia P, Widodo A. Studi Perbandingan Komposisi Asam Lemak Daging Ikan Sidat (Anguilla marmorata (Q.) Gaimard) Fase Yellow Eel Dari Sungai Palu Dan Danau Poso. J Farm Galen (Galenika J Pharmacy). 2018;4(1):73-78. doi:10.22487/j24428744.2018.v4.i1.10035
6. Anand Kumar S, Weerasooriyagedara MS. A Review on Heavy Metals Accumulation in Coastal Bivalves used in Seafood Industry: Guide to Safely consumption of Seafood. Int J Sci Res Publ. 2018;8(1):278.
7. Grienke U, Silke J, Tasdemir D. Bioactive compounds from marine mussels and their effects on human health. Food Chem. 2014;142:48-60. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.027
8. Sulastri E, Yuyun Y, Heriani N, Khumaidi A. Application of Chitosan Shells Meti (Batissa violacea L. Von Lamarck, 1818) as Edible Film. Curr Res Nutr Food Sci. 2019;7(1):253-264. doi:10.12944/CRNFSJ.7.1.25
9. Xu S, Yu T. Sources, determination, and safety assessment of cadmium in bivalves. Cogent Food Agric. 2024;10(1). doi:10.1080/23311932.2024.2436135
10. Jayadipraja E, Solihin S, Chaerul M, Tosepu R. Analysis of Environmental Health Risk Exposure to Heavy Metals in Communities that Consume the BatissaViolaceacelebensis from Konaweha River, Indonesia. 2019;(January). doi:10.4108/eai.1-4-2019.2287205
11. Pratama G, Andika K, Pardi H. Evaluation of the Heavy Metal Content of Lead and Mercury in Various Mussels Species in Indonesian Coastal Waters. J Res Educ Chem. 2024;6(1):83-97.
12. Hama Aziz KH, Mustafa FS, Omer KM, Hama S, Hamarawf RF, Rahman KO. Heavy metal pollution in the aquatic environment: efficient and low-cost removal approaches to eliminate their toxicity: a review. RSC Adv. 2023;13(26):17595-17610. doi:10.1039/d3ra00723e
13. Poelinggomang EL. Kerajaan Mori: Sejarah Dari Sulawesi Tengah. Vol 3.; 2023. doi:10.25071/2563-2418.85
14. Pemerintah Kabupaten Morowali Utara. Peraturan Daerah Kabupaten Morowali Utara Nomor 7 Tahun 2021 tentang Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Daerah Kabupaten Morowali Utara Tahun 2021-2026. Published online 2021.
15. Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Sulawesi Tengah. Pemanfaatan Kerang Sungai (Meti) Oleh Masyarakat Desa Tompira Dalam Kepungan Industri Ekstraktif di Morowali Utara. Published online 2023:1-15.
16. Pusat Sumber Daya Mineral, Batubara dan Panas Bumi (PSDMBP), Badan Geologi KE. Mineral dan Batu Bara. Pusat Sumber Daya Mineral, Batubara dan Panas Bumi (PSDMBP), Badan Geologi, Kementerian ESDM. https://geoportal.esdm.go.id/minerba/
17. Afra S, R AR, Al Amin M, Katili S, Mutaqqien A. Neo-Ekstrativisme di Episentrum Nikel Indonesia: Kerapuhan Tata Kelola Pertambangan dalam Mewujudkan Keadilan Ekologis dan Perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia di Bumi Celebes. Satya Bumi, Walhi Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tenggara, dan Sulawesi Teng. 2023;1(1):1689-1699.
18. Lestari DW, Priosambodo D. Analisis Kadar Nikel dan Besi pada Sedimen Perairan Pesisir Desa Fatufia, Kecamatan Bahodopi, Kabupaten Morowali, Sulawesi Tengah. 2024;9(1):119-127.
19. Delly J, Mizuno K, Soesilo TEB, Gozan M. The Seawater Heavy Metal Content of the Mining Port Close to the Residential Area in the Morowali District. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2021;940(1). doi:10.1088/1755-1315/940/1/012019
20. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. Online Monitoring Kualitas Air (ONLIMO): Stasiun Morowali Utara 1 Dan Desa Moleono (Sungai La’a).; 2025.
21. Yuyun Y, Yunus SRH, Agustina N, et al. Physicochemical and Functional Characterization of Chitosan from Meti Mussel in North Morowali Regency , Indonesia. Trop J Nat Prod Res.:1-12.
22. Suhud K, Wahidah S, Maulana I, et al. Mercury Analysis with Principal Component Analysis for Water, Sediment, and Biota Samples in Aceh, Indonesia. ARPN J Eng Appl Sci. 2020;15(16):1749-1756.
23. Badan Standarisasi Nasional. Penentuan Kadar Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) dan Kadmium (Cd) pada Produk Perikanan. Cara Uji Kimia-Bagian 5 : 1-6. Published online 2011.
24. Nurfadillah N, Praningtyas I, Karina S, Perdana AW. Analysis of heavy metals content (Pb, Hg and Cd) of Batissa violacea Lamarck in the coastal waters of Calang. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2018;216(1). doi:10.1088/1755-1315/216/1/012016
25. Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Republik Indonesia. Peraturan Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan Nomor 9 Tahun 2022 tentang Persyaratan Cemaran Logam Berat dalam Pangan Olahan. Published online 2022.
26. Abas A, Awang A, Aiyub K. Analysis of heavy metal concentration using transplanted lichen usnea misaminensis at kota kinabalu, sabah (Malaysia). Appl Ecol Environ Res. 2020;18(1):1175-1182. doi:10.15666/aeer/1801_11751182
27. Farida I. Analysis of Heavy Metal Content of Mercury (Hg) and Cadmium (Cd) in Frozen Tuna (Thunnus sp.). JFMR-Journal Fish Mar Res. 2024;8(1). doi:10.21776/ub.jfmr.2024.008.01.1
28. Yap CK, Sharifinia M, Cheng WH, Al-Shami SA, Wong KW, Al-Mutairi KA. A commentary on the use of bivalve mollusks in monitoring metal pollution levels. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(7). doi:10.3390/ijerph18073386
29. Krishnan K, Saion E, Halimah MK, Yap CK. Utilizing mollusk soft tissue and shells as biomarkers for monitoring heavy metal pollution in mangrove forests. MethodsX. 2023;11(July):102281. doi:10.1016/j.mex.2023.102281
30. Rodney E, Herrera P, Luxama J, et al. Bioaccumulation and Tissue Distribution of Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper and Zinc in Crassostrea virginica Grown at Two Different Depths in Jamaica Bay, New York. In Vivo (Brooklyn). 2007;29(1):16-27.
31. Pund A, Kurhe A. A review on heavy metals impact and marine Molluscs. Int J Multidiscip Res Growth Eval. 2023;4(3):535-538. doi:10.54660/.ijmrge.2023.4.3.535-538
32. Nędzarek A, Czerniejewski P, Tórz A. A comparison of the concentrations of heavy metals in modern and medieval shells of swollen river mussels (Unio tumidus) from the Szczecin Lagoon, SW Baltic basin. Mar Pollut Bull. 2021;163(January). doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111959
33. Afifudin AFM, Wulandari A, Irawanto R. Pencemaran logam berat di perairan ini menimbulkan berbagai dampak negatif, termasuk penurunan kualitas air, kerusakan ekosistem, dan ancaman terhadap kesehatan manusia. Oleh karena itu, identifikasi dan evaluasi tingkat pencemaran logam berat pada air, s. 2024;4(April):959-971.
34. Polapa FS, Annisa RN, Annisa RN, et al. Quality Indeks dan Konsentrasi Logam Berat dalam Perairan dan Sedimen di Perairan Kota Makassar. J Ilmu Lingkung. 2022;20(2):271-278. doi:10.14710/jil.20.2.271-278
35. Handayani CO, Sukarjo S, Dewi T. Penilaian Tingkat Cemaran Logam Berat Pada Lahan Pertanian di Hulu Sungai Citarum, Jawa Barat. J Ilmu Lingkung. 2022;20(3):508-516. doi:10.14710/jil.20.3.508-516
36. Abdelghany SR. Heavy metal bioaccumulation in the edible bivalve Venerupis decussata collected from Port Said , Egypt. 2017;24(5):48-62.
37. Rainbow PS. Trace metal bioaccumulation : Models , metabolic availability and toxicity. 2007;33:576-582. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2006.05.007
38. Briffa J, Sinagra E, Blundell R. Heavy metal pollution in the environment and their toxicological effects on humans. Heliyon. 2020;6(9):e04691. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04691
39. Mohammad Ali M, Hossain D, Al-Imran, Suzan Khan M, Begum M, Hasan Osman M. Environmental Pollution with Heavy Metals: A Public Health Concern. Heavy Met - Their Environ Impacts Mitig. Published online 2021. doi:10.5772/intechopen.96805
40. Masindi V, Muedi KL. Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals. Heavy Met. Published online 2018. doi:10.5772/intechopen.76082
41. Emami H, Abtahi B, Shokri MR. Heavy metal bioaccumulation (Ni, V and Hg) in soft tissues of crustaceans, bivalves and gastropods: A case study on the Northern Persian Gulf. Casp J Environ Sci. 2024;22(2):255-265. doi:10.22124/CJES.2023.7212
42. Xia C, Zhang X, Xia L. Heavy metal ion adsorption by permeable oyster shell bricks. Constr Build Mater. 2021;275:122128. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122128
43. Zhou Z, Wang Y, Sun S, Wang Y, Xu L. Preparation of PVA/waste oyster shell powder composite as an efficient adsorbent of heavy metals from wastewater. Heliyon. 2022;8(12):e11938. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11938
44. Chenet T, Schwarz G, Neff C, et al. Scallop shells as biosorbents for water remediation from heavy metals: Contributions and mechanism of shell components in the adsorption of cadmium from aqueous matrix. Heliyon. 2024;10(7):e29296. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29296
45. Wierzba S, Makuchowska-Fryc J, Kłos A, Ziembik Z, Ochędzan-Siodłak W. Role of calcium carbonate in the process of heavy metal biosorption from solutions: synergy of metal removal mechanisms. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):1-13. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22603-4
46. Fauziah F, Abdullah A, Supriatno S, et al. Heavy metal contamination of Hg and Pb in water, sediment and Violet Batissa (Batissa violacea Lamark, 1818) meat in Teunom River, Aceh Jaya Regency, Indonesia. Depik. 2021;10(3):238-242. doi:10.13170/depik.10.3.23432
47. Mitra S, Chakraborty AJ, Tareq AM, et al. Impact of heavy metals on the environment and human health: Novel therapeutic insights to counter the toxicity. J King Saud Univ - Sci. 2022;34(3):101865. doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2022.101865
48. Singh V, Ahmed G, Vedika S, et al. Toxic heavy metal ions contamination in water and their sustainable reduction by eco-friendly methods: isotherms, thermodynamics and kinetics study. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):1-13. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-58061-3
49. Codex Alimentarius Commission. General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food and Feed (CODEX STAN 193-1995). Presented at: 1995.
50. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) WHO (WHO). Code of Practice for Fish and Fishery Products. 2nd ed. Rome, Italy: FAO; 2020. Accessed October 27, 2025. https://www.fao.org/3/y1579e/y1579e.pdf. Presented at:
51. Amirah N, Madzlan H, Suratman S, Mohamed KN, Chuan OM. Seasonal Variation In Concentration Of Heavy Metals In Tropical River Sediment. Malaysian J Anal Sci. 2023;27(1):108-118.
52. Liu Y, Sun J, Zhao M, Ni Y, Wang X, Fan Z. Seasonal Variation and Contamination Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediment of an Estuary Alluvial Island in Eastern China. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2022;108(2):337-343. doi:10.1007/s00128-021-03413-2
Authors
Juniah, J., Wanta, I., Jamaluddin, J., & Yuyun, Y. (2026). Analysis of lead and cadmium contamination content in meti shells (Batissa violacea von Lammarck, 1818) from the La’a River, Petasia Village, Central Sulawesi. JURNAL RISET KESEHATAN POLTEKKES DEPKES BANDUNG, 18(1), 66–78. Retrieved from https://juriskes.com/index.php/jrk/article/view/2980
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