Associated factors of binge eating disorder among adolescents and young adults
Abstract
Background: Binge eating disorder (BED) is a health problem among adolescents and young adults worldwide, including in Indonesia. Unfortunately, it lacks attention from health services. Characteristics of adolescents and young adults, dietary restrictions, and psychological problems contributed to BED. However, study on BED among those populations in Indonesia especially in Jakarta is still limited. If the issue of BED is not addressed immediately, Indonesia’s Vision 2045 could be disrupted.
Objective: This study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of BED among adolescents and young adults in Jakarta.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. A total 113 participants (aged 15-30 years) completed the questionnaires. A convenience sampling was performed to determine the participants. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Dietary Restrictions Questionnaire, the General Anxiety Disorder-7, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the Binge Eating Scale were used to examine the variables. The continuity correction, Fisher’s exact test, Pearson Chi-square, and logistic regression were performed to data analyses.
Results: Among all participants, 40.7% had BED symptoms. The study showed a significant association between gender (p=0.013), dietary restriction (p<0.001), anxiety (p=0.006), and depression (p=0.020) with BED. The logistic regression analysis presented that the gender (OR=7.854, p<0.001), anxiety (OR=7.107, p<0.001), depression (OR=4.137, p=0.013), and dietary restriction (OR=3.084, p=0.024) significantly affected BED among adolescents and young adults (aged 15-30 years).
Conclusion: The results of this study are expected to serve as preliminary data as a reference in developing interventions to prevent BED among adolescents and young adults in Indonesia.
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References
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21. Xueying L, Xiaoping K, Chunhua C, et al. Basics of designing and steps of implementing cross-sectional studies in general practice and primary care. Chinese Gen Pract J. 2025;2(2):100064. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgpj.2025.100064
22. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 25 Tahun 2014 Tentang Upaya Kesehatan Anak.; 2014. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/details/117562/permenkes-no-25-tahun-2014
23. Gan WY, Mohamad N, Law LS. Factors associated with binge eating behavior among Malaysian adolescents. Nutrients. 2018;10(1). doi:10.3390/nu10010066
24. Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull. 1992;112(1):155-159. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155
25. Gao Q, Li HJ, Chen Y, Ji WX, Sun SQ. Multiple linear regression analysis report on influencing factors of non-litigation medical dispute compensation costs. Medicine (Baltimore). 2026;105(1):e46850. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000046850
26. Muslih M, Chung MH. Structural validity of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale in patients with schizophrenia in Indonesia. PLoS One. 2024;19(5):e0300184. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0300184
27. Williamson DA, Martin CK, York-Crowe E, et al. Measurement of dietary restraint: validity tests of four questionnaires. Appetite. 2007;48(2):183-192. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.08.066
28. Harrison A, James C, Ferguson-Henry K, Rocke K, Lowe G. Eating disorders among adolescents and young adults in Kingston, Jamaica. Front Psychol. 2026;17:1704895. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1704895
29. Budikayanti A, Larasari A, Malik K, Syeban Z, Indrawati LA, Octaviana F. Screening of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Patients with Epilepsy: Using a Valid and Reliable Indonesian Version of Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Neurol Res Int. 2019;2019:5902610. doi:10.1155/2019/5902610
30. Dian CN, Effendy E, Amin MM. The Validation of Indonesian Version of Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2022;10(T7):193-198. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2022.9293
31. Culbert KM, Sisk CL, Klump KL. Gonadal hormones and binge eating in females: developmental and etiologic insights from puberty to adulthood. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2025;38(6):410-415. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000001030
32. Li Z, Ruan M, Chen J, Fang Y. Major Depressive Disorder: Advances in Neuroscience Research and Translational Applications. Neurosci Bull. 2021;37(6):863-880. doi:10.1007/s12264-021-00638-3
33. Papalini S. Stress-induced overeating behaviors explained from a (transitory) relief-learning perspective. Physiol Behav. 2024;287:114707. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114707
34. Aleeza A, Bintari DR. Trait Anxiety and Eating Disorder Symptoms: Psychological Inflexibility as Mediator. Insa J Psikol dan Kesehat Ment. 2023;8(2 SE-Article):117-147. doi:10.20473/jpkm.v8i22023.117-147
35. Levitan MN, Papelbaum M, Carta MG, Appolinario JC, Nardi AE. Binge Eating Disorder: A 5-Year Retrospective Study on Experimental Drugs. J Exp Pharmacol. 2021;13:33-47. doi:10.2147/JEP.S255376
36. Özbay A, Demirkol ME, Tamam L, Namlı Z, Karaytuğ MO, Yeşiloğlu C. The Relationship Between Binge Eating Behavior and Psychological Pain in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder. Behav Sci (Basel). 2025;15(7):842. doi:10.3390/bs15070842
37. Stewart TM, Martin CK, Williamson DA. The Complicated Relationship between Dieting, Dietary Restraint, Caloric Restriction, and Eating Disorders: Is a Shift in Public Health Messaging Warranted? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(1). doi:10.3390/ijerph19010491
38. Glacomo L. Dietary restrictions : A compassionate approach to health and well-being. Clin Nutr Hosp Diet. 2023;43(4):1-2. doi:10.12873/0211-6057.43.04.210
39. Capuano EI, Ruocco A, Scazzocchio B, et al. Gender differences in eating disorders. Front Nutr. 2025;12(June):1583672. doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1583672
40. Culbert KM, Sisk CL, Klump KL. A Narrative Review of Sex Differences in Eating Disorders: Is There a Biological Basis? Clin Ther. 2021;43(1):95-111. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.12.003
2. Permanasari K, Arbi DKA. Pengaruh Ketidakpuasan Tubuh terhadap Kecenderungan Gangguan Makan pada Remaja. Bul Ris Psikol dan Kesehat Ment. 2022;2(1):776-788. doi:10.20473/brpkm.v2i1.36592
3. Liu K, Gao R, Kuang H, E R, Zhang C, Guo X. Global, regional, and national burdens of eating disorder in adolescents and young adults aged 10–24 years from 1990 to 2021: A trend analysis. J Affect Disord. 2025;388(155):119596. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119596
4. Efendi F, Tsai MC, Pradipta RO, Rahayu FK. Factors associated with eating disorders among Indonesian adolescents at boarding schools. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2025;37(2):123-132. doi:10.1515/ijamh-2024-0193
5. Giel KE, Bulik CM, Fernandez-Aranda F, et al. Binge eating disorder. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2022;8(1):16. doi:10.1038/s41572-022-00344-y
6. Zhou R, Zhang L, Liu Z, Cao B. Emotion regulation difficulties and disordered eating in adolescents and young adults: a meta-analysis. J Eat Disord. 2025;13(1):25. doi:10.1186/s40337-025-01197-y
7. Santos AF, Fernandes C, Fernandes M, Santos AJ, Veríssimo M. Associations between Emotion Regulation, Feeding Practices, and Preschoolers’ Food Consumption. Nutrients. 2022;14(19). doi:10.3390/nu14194184
8. Alhuwaydi AM. A cross-sectional evaluation of binge-eating behavior and its correlation with anxiety disorders among adolescents in Northern Saudi Arabia : implications for future generations. Front Psychiatry. 2024;15(November):1-12. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1384218
9. Radwan H, Abdelrahim DN, Osaili T, et al. The association of binge eating with internet addiction, body shape concerns, and BMI among university students in the United Arab Emirates. J Eat Disord. 2025;13(1):21. doi:10.1186/s40337-025-01205-1
10. Abdulla ZARA, Almahmood HO, Alghasra RR, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of binge eating disorder among Bahraini youth and young adults: a cross-sectional study in a self-selected convenience sample. J Eat Disord. 2023;11(1):1-10. doi:10.1186/s40337-022-00726-3
11. Casari MA, Pires VP, Pureza IM, Busnello FM. Does Restriction Lead to Binge Eating? A Scoping Review on Restrictive Diets in the Development and Maintenance of Binge Eating Disorder. Nutr Rev. 2026;84(1):189-206. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuaf163
12. Bray B, Bray C, Bradley R, Zwickey H. Mental health aspects of binge eating disorder: A cross-sectional mixed-methods study of binge eating disorder experts’ perspectives. Front psychiatry. 2022;13:953203. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.953203
13. Febriani N, Woro O, Handayani K, et al. Determinants of Binge Eating Behaviour in Adolescents. J Aisyah J Ilmu Kesehat. 2023;8(4):1638-1650. doi:10.30604/jika.v8i4.2422
14. Aura IP, Dewi ADA, Mutiarasari DR. Hubungan anxiety disorder dengan perilaku makan remaja sekolah unggulan di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. J Gizi dan Produkt. 2025;6(2):227-237. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.62870/jgkp.v6i2.35653
15. Goutama IL, Chris A. Prevalensi dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi terjadinya binge eating disorder pada mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Tarumanagara angkatan 2014. Tarumanagara Med J. 2021;3(1):91-95. doi:10.24912/tmj.v3i2.11748
16. Sandri E, Martí VB, Piredda M, et al. A Comprehensive Analysis of the Impact of Binge Eating Disorders on Lifestyle in Spain. Psychiatry Int. 2025;6(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint6010024
17. Burton AL, Abbott MJ. Processes and pathways to binge eating: development of an integrated cognitive and behavioural model of binge eating. J Eat Disord. 2019;7:18. doi:10.1186/s40337-019-0248-0
18. Fitzsimmons-Craft EE, Ciao AC, Accurso EC. A naturalistic examination of social comparisons and disordered eating thoughts, urges, and behaviors in college women. Int J Eat Disord. 2016;49(2):141-150. doi:10.1002/eat.22486
19. Gupta RK, Walia Y. A biopsychosocial perspective of cognitive conflict: Interacting dimensions and theoretical propositions. Acta Psychol (Amst). 2026;264:106586. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.106586
20. Kim BR, Timmerman GM. Factors Related to Binge Eating in Korean American Women. West J Nurs Res. 2026;48(2):142-152. doi:10.1177/01939459251391989
21. Xueying L, Xiaoping K, Chunhua C, et al. Basics of designing and steps of implementing cross-sectional studies in general practice and primary care. Chinese Gen Pract J. 2025;2(2):100064. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgpj.2025.100064
22. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 25 Tahun 2014 Tentang Upaya Kesehatan Anak.; 2014. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/details/117562/permenkes-no-25-tahun-2014
23. Gan WY, Mohamad N, Law LS. Factors associated with binge eating behavior among Malaysian adolescents. Nutrients. 2018;10(1). doi:10.3390/nu10010066
24. Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull. 1992;112(1):155-159. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155
25. Gao Q, Li HJ, Chen Y, Ji WX, Sun SQ. Multiple linear regression analysis report on influencing factors of non-litigation medical dispute compensation costs. Medicine (Baltimore). 2026;105(1):e46850. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000046850
26. Muslih M, Chung MH. Structural validity of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale in patients with schizophrenia in Indonesia. PLoS One. 2024;19(5):e0300184. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0300184
27. Williamson DA, Martin CK, York-Crowe E, et al. Measurement of dietary restraint: validity tests of four questionnaires. Appetite. 2007;48(2):183-192. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2006.08.066
28. Harrison A, James C, Ferguson-Henry K, Rocke K, Lowe G. Eating disorders among adolescents and young adults in Kingston, Jamaica. Front Psychol. 2026;17:1704895. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1704895
29. Budikayanti A, Larasari A, Malik K, Syeban Z, Indrawati LA, Octaviana F. Screening of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Patients with Epilepsy: Using a Valid and Reliable Indonesian Version of Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Neurol Res Int. 2019;2019:5902610. doi:10.1155/2019/5902610
30. Dian CN, Effendy E, Amin MM. The Validation of Indonesian Version of Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2022;10(T7):193-198. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2022.9293
31. Culbert KM, Sisk CL, Klump KL. Gonadal hormones and binge eating in females: developmental and etiologic insights from puberty to adulthood. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2025;38(6):410-415. doi:10.1097/YCO.0000000000001030
32. Li Z, Ruan M, Chen J, Fang Y. Major Depressive Disorder: Advances in Neuroscience Research and Translational Applications. Neurosci Bull. 2021;37(6):863-880. doi:10.1007/s12264-021-00638-3
33. Papalini S. Stress-induced overeating behaviors explained from a (transitory) relief-learning perspective. Physiol Behav. 2024;287:114707. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114707
34. Aleeza A, Bintari DR. Trait Anxiety and Eating Disorder Symptoms: Psychological Inflexibility as Mediator. Insa J Psikol dan Kesehat Ment. 2023;8(2 SE-Article):117-147. doi:10.20473/jpkm.v8i22023.117-147
35. Levitan MN, Papelbaum M, Carta MG, Appolinario JC, Nardi AE. Binge Eating Disorder: A 5-Year Retrospective Study on Experimental Drugs. J Exp Pharmacol. 2021;13:33-47. doi:10.2147/JEP.S255376
36. Özbay A, Demirkol ME, Tamam L, Namlı Z, Karaytuğ MO, Yeşiloğlu C. The Relationship Between Binge Eating Behavior and Psychological Pain in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder. Behav Sci (Basel). 2025;15(7):842. doi:10.3390/bs15070842
37. Stewart TM, Martin CK, Williamson DA. The Complicated Relationship between Dieting, Dietary Restraint, Caloric Restriction, and Eating Disorders: Is a Shift in Public Health Messaging Warranted? Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(1). doi:10.3390/ijerph19010491
38. Glacomo L. Dietary restrictions : A compassionate approach to health and well-being. Clin Nutr Hosp Diet. 2023;43(4):1-2. doi:10.12873/0211-6057.43.04.210
39. Capuano EI, Ruocco A, Scazzocchio B, et al. Gender differences in eating disorders. Front Nutr. 2025;12(June):1583672. doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1583672
40. Culbert KM, Sisk CL, Klump KL. A Narrative Review of Sex Differences in Eating Disorders: Is There a Biological Basis? Clin Ther. 2021;43(1):95-111. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.12.003
Authors
Hisni, D., Syamsiah, S., Freitas, L. A., & Lubis, R. (2026). Associated factors of binge eating disorder among adolescents and young adults. JURNAL RISET KESEHATAN POLTEKKES DEPKES BANDUNG, 18(2), 586–600. https://doi.org/10.34011/juriskesbdg.v18i2.3258
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