THE IMPACT OF DEPRESSION SYMTOMS ON MATERNAL INCREASING THE INCIDENCE OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (LBW) BABIES
Abstract
Kesehatan mental ibu merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang penting, di mana sekitar 10% ibu hamil mengalami gangguan mental, terutama depresi. Depresi selama kehamilan berdampak negatif terhadap hasil persalinan, termasuk meningkatkan risiko Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah (BBLR). Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu diketahuinya dampak depression symptoms pada maternal terhadap peningkatan kejadian BBLR di Kabupaten Karawang tahun 2023. Penelitian ini merupakan studi analitik dengan pendekatan retrospektif, menggunakan kuesioner, pengukuran depresi dengan Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Populasi penelitian adalah ibu bersalin, sebanyak 21 responden pada kelompok kasus (BBLR) dan 63 responden pada kelompok kontrol (non-BBLR). Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan non-probability sampling dengan metode consecutive sampling. Analisis data menggunakan uji chi-square, perhitungan odds ratio (OR), dan confidence interval (CI) 95% dengan tingkat signifikansi p < 0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 22,6% responden mengalami gejala depresi, dengan proporsi lebih tinggi pada kelompok kasus (57,1%) dibandingkan kontrol (11,1%). Gejala depresi selama kehamilan berhubungan signifikan dengan kejadian BBLR (p = 0,0001; OR = 10,66), artinya ibu dengan gejala depresi memiliki risiko 10,66 kali lebih besar melahirkan bayi BBLR. Disarankan untuk memperkuat konseling dan edukasi bagi ibu hamil dan pasangan pranikah terkait kesehatan reproduksi dan faktor risiko BBLR.
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References
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31. Husna RKN, Wardanis M, Rahmi J. Faktor-kator Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kejadian Depresi Antenatal Pada Ibu Hamil di Bidan Praktek Mandiri (BPM) Kota Pekanbaru. J Prot Kesehat. 2018;6(1):17-25. doi:https://doi.org/10.36929/jpk.v6i1.68
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34. Nasreen HE, Pasi HB, Rifin SM, et al. Impact of maternal antepartum depressive and anxiety symptoms on birth outcomes and mode of delivery: a prospective cohort study in east and west coasts of Malaysia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19(1):1-11.
35. Kathleen Szegda1, Elizabeth R. Bertone-Johnson1, Penelope Pekow1, Sally Powers2 G, Markenson3, Nancy Dole4 and LCT. Depression During Pregnancy and Adverse Birth Outcomes Among Predominantly Puerto Rican Women. Physiol Behav. 2018;176(5):139-148. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1801473.The
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38. Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Spong CY, Dashe JS, Hoffman BL et al. Williams Obstetrics. 24th ed. McGraw-Hill Education; 2014.
39. The United Nations Children’s Fund and World Health Organization. Low Birth Weight: Country, Regional and Global Estimates. UNICEF; 2004. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9280638327
40. Zhao X, Liu Q, Cao S, et al. A meta-analysis of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) use during prenatal depression and risk of low birth weight and small for gestational age. J Affect Disord. 2018;241:563-570.
41. Wado YD, Afework MF, Hindin MJ. Effects of maternal pregnancy intention, depressive symptoms and social support on risk of low birth weight: a prospective study from southwestern Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e96304.
42. Accortt EE, Cheadle ACD, Dunkel Schetter C. Prenatal depression and adverse birth outcomes: an updated systematic review. Matern Child Health J. 2015;19:1306-1337.
43. Goedhart, G., Snijders, A. C., Hesselink, A. E., Van Poppel, M. N., Bonsel, G. J. &, Vrijkotte TGM. Maternal depressive symptoms in relation to perinatal mortality and morbidity: Results from a large multiethnic cohort study. Psychosom Med. 2010;72(8):769–776. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181ee4a62
44. Hapisah, Dasuki D, Prabandari YS. Depressive symptoms pada ibu hamil dan bayi berat lahir rendah. Ber Kedokt Masy. 2010;26(2):81-89.
45. Teixeira JMA, Fisk NM, Glover V. Association between maternal anxiety in pregnancy and increased uterine artery resistance index: Cohort based study. Br Med J. 1999;318(7177):153-157. doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7177.153
46. Lee AM, Lam SK, Sze SM, Chong CS C, HW. Prevalence, course, and risk factors for antenatal anxiety and depression. Obs Gynecol. 2007;110(5):1102-1112.
47. Ouyang YQ, Nasrin L. Father’s knowledge, attitude and support to mother’s exclusive breastfeeding practices in bangladesh: A multi-group structural equations model analysis. Healthc. 2021;9(3). doi:10.3390/healthcare9030276
2. Fadzil A, Balakrishnan K, Razali R, et al. Risk factors for depression and anxiety among pregnant women in Hospital Tuanku Bainun, Ipoh, Malaysia. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry. 2013;5(SUPPL. 1):7-13. doi:10.1111/appy.12036
3. Gavin N, Gaynes BN, Lohr KN, et al. Perinatal depression: a systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106(5):1071-1083. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000183597.31630.db
4. Parsons CE, Young KS, Rochat TJ, Kringelbach ML, Stein A. Postnatal depression and its effects on child development: A review of evidence from low- and middle-income countries. Br Med Bull. 2012;101(1):57-79. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldr047
5. Ko JY, Farr SL, Dietz PM, Robbins CL. Nonpregnant women of reproductive age, 2005 – 2009. J Women’S Heal. 2012;21(8):830-836. doi:10.1089/jwh.2011.3466.Depression
6. Van Den Bergh BRH, Mulder EJH, Mennes M, Glover V. Antenatal maternal anxiety and stress and the neurobehavioural development of the fetus and child: Links and possible mechanisms. A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2005;29(2):237-258. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.10.007
7. Talge NM, Neal C, Glover V. Antenatal maternal stress and long-term effects on child neurodevelopment: How and why? J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip. 2007;48(3-4):245-261. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01714.x
8. Humayun A, Haider II, Imran N, Iqbal H, Humayun N. Antenatal depression and its predictors inAntenatal depression and its predictors in Lahore. 2013;19(4):327-332.
9. Gelaye, B., Kajeepeta, S., & Williams M. Suicidal ideation in pregnancy: An epidemiologic review. Archives of Women’s Mental Health. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2016;19(5):741-751.
10. Li X, Gao R, Dai X, et al. The association between symptoms of depression during pregnancy and low birth weight: A prospective study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20(1):1-7. doi:10.1186/s12884-020-2842-1
11. Valero De Bernabé J, Soriano T, Albaladejo R, Juarranz M, Calle ME M, D DR V. Risk factors for low birth weight: a review. Eur J Obs Gyn R B. 2004;116(1):3-15.
12. Muchid A, Chusun, Wurjati R, Komar Z, Istiqomah SN, Purnama NR. Pharmaceutical Care Untuk Penderita Gangguan Depresif. Direktorat Bina Farmasi Komunitas Dan Klinik Ditjen Bina Kefarmasian Dan Alat Kesehatan; 2007. https://farmalkes.kemkes.go.id/unduh/pharmaceutical-care-untuk-penderita-gangguan-depresi/
13. Hapisah, Dasuki D, Prabandari YS. Depressive Symptoms Pada Ibu Hamil Dan Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah Pregnant Women Depressive Symptoms and the Incidence of Low Birth Weight. Ber Kedokt Masy. 2010;26(2):81-89.
14. WHO. Maternal Mental Health and Child Health and Development in Low and Middle Income Countries. WHO; 2008.
15. Wichman, C. L., & Stern TA. Lessons learned at the interface of medicine. Prim Care Companion to J Clin Psychiatry,. 2015;17(2).
16. Dadi AF, Miller ER, Bisetegn TA, Mwanri L. Global burden of antenatal depression and its association with adverse birth outcomes: An umbrella review. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1). doi:10.1186/s12889-020-8293-9
17. Grote NK, Bridge JA, Gavin AR, Melville JL, Iyengar S, Katon WJ. A meta-analysis of depression during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth restriction. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(10):1012-1024. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.111
18. Szegda K, Markenson G, Bertone-johnson ER, Chasan- L, Sciences H. Nihms769779. 2016;27(9):960-967. doi:10.3109/14767058.2013.845157.Depression
19. Van Niel MS, Payne JL. Perinatal depression: A review. Cleve Clin J Med. 2020;87(5):273-277. doi:10.3949/ccjm.87a.19054
20. Arachchi NSM, Ganegama R, Husna AWF, et al. Suicidal ideation and intentional self-harm in pregnancy as a neglected agenda in maternal health; An experience from rural Sri Lanka. Reprod Health. 2019;16(1):1-7. doi:10.1186/s12978-019-0823-5
21. Ulfah K, Nurchasanah Y. Efektifitas Asuhan Berpusat Pada Keluarga Dalam Kelas Antenatal Terhadap Penurunan Stres Wanita Hamil. J Ris Kesehat Poltekkes Depkes Bandung. 2023;15(2):450-459. doi:10.34011/juriskesbdg.v15i2.2212
22. Hawari D. Manajemen Stres Cemas Dan Depresi. Fakultas Kedokteran Indonesia; 2006.
23. Evans J, Heron J, Francomb H, Oke S, Golding J. Cohort study of depressed mood during pregnancy and after childbirth. Br Med J. 2001;323(7307):257-260. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7307.257
24. Wulandari RP, Perwitasari. Hubungan Usia Ibu dan Paritas dengan Gejala Depresi Pada Kehamilan (The Correlation between Depressive Symptoms with Age and ParityAmong Pregnant Women). Midwifery Reprod. 2021;4(2):81-85.
25. Papamarkou M, Sarafis P, Kaite CP, Malliarou M, Tsounis A, Niakas D. Investigation of the association between quality of life and depressive symptoms during postpartum period: A correlational study. BMC Womens Health. 2017;17(1):1-9. doi:10.1186/s12905-017-0473-0
26. Howard LM, Molyneaux E, Dennis CL, Rochat T, Stein A, Milgrom J. Non-psychotic mental disorders in the perinatal period. Lancet. 2014;384(9956):1775-1788. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61276-9
27. Moreno-Lacalle RC. Effectiveness of Psychoeducation in Decreasing Depression As Co-Morbidity: A Meta-Analysis. Naresuan Univ J Sci Technol. 2017;25(2):10-20.
28. Getinet W, Amare T, Boru B, Shumet S, Worku W, Azale T. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Antenatal Depression in Ethiopia: Systematic Review. Depress Res Treat. 2018;2018(July). doi:10.1155/2018/3649269
29. Jahan N, Went TR, Sultan W, et al. Untreated Depression During Pregnancy and Its Effect on Pregnancy Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2021;13(8). doi:10.7759/cureus.17251
30. Masyuni PUS, I Wayan SN, Putu A. Kejadian Depresi Pada Ibu Hamil Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas 1 Negara, Kabupaten Jembrana Tahun 2017. E-Jurnal Med. 2017;8(4).
31. Husna RKN, Wardanis M, Rahmi J. Faktor-kator Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kejadian Depresi Antenatal Pada Ibu Hamil di Bidan Praktek Mandiri (BPM) Kota Pekanbaru. J Prot Kesehat. 2018;6(1):17-25. doi:https://doi.org/10.36929/jpk.v6i1.68
32. Dibaba Y. Child Spacing and Fertility Planning Behavior among Women in Mana District, Jimma Zone, South West Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2011;20(2). doi:10.4314/ejhs.v20i2.69433
33. Fan S, Guan J, Cao L, et al. Psychological effects caused by COVID-19 pandemic on pregnant women : A systematic review with meta-analysis. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;56(January). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102533
34. Nasreen HE, Pasi HB, Rifin SM, et al. Impact of maternal antepartum depressive and anxiety symptoms on birth outcomes and mode of delivery: a prospective cohort study in east and west coasts of Malaysia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19(1):1-11.
35. Kathleen Szegda1, Elizabeth R. Bertone-Johnson1, Penelope Pekow1, Sally Powers2 G, Markenson3, Nancy Dole4 and LCT. Depression During Pregnancy and Adverse Birth Outcomes Among Predominantly Puerto Rican Women. Physiol Behav. 2018;176(5):139-148. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1801473.The
36. Wu Y, Lu YC, Jacobs M, et al. Association of Prenatal Maternal Psychological Distress with Fetal Brain Growth, Metabolism, and Cortical Maturation. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(1):1-16. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.19940
37. Halima S, Supriyadi S, Deniati EN. Dukungan Sosial Terhadap Kejadian Baby Blues di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Krejengan Kabupaten Probolinggo. Sport Sci Heal. 2022;4(3):219-228. doi:10.17977/um062v4i32022p219-228
38. Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Spong CY, Dashe JS, Hoffman BL et al. Williams Obstetrics. 24th ed. McGraw-Hill Education; 2014.
39. The United Nations Children’s Fund and World Health Organization. Low Birth Weight: Country, Regional and Global Estimates. UNICEF; 2004. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9280638327
40. Zhao X, Liu Q, Cao S, et al. A meta-analysis of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) use during prenatal depression and risk of low birth weight and small for gestational age. J Affect Disord. 2018;241:563-570.
41. Wado YD, Afework MF, Hindin MJ. Effects of maternal pregnancy intention, depressive symptoms and social support on risk of low birth weight: a prospective study from southwestern Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2014;9(5):e96304.
42. Accortt EE, Cheadle ACD, Dunkel Schetter C. Prenatal depression and adverse birth outcomes: an updated systematic review. Matern Child Health J. 2015;19:1306-1337.
43. Goedhart, G., Snijders, A. C., Hesselink, A. E., Van Poppel, M. N., Bonsel, G. J. &, Vrijkotte TGM. Maternal depressive symptoms in relation to perinatal mortality and morbidity: Results from a large multiethnic cohort study. Psychosom Med. 2010;72(8):769–776. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181ee4a62
44. Hapisah, Dasuki D, Prabandari YS. Depressive symptoms pada ibu hamil dan bayi berat lahir rendah. Ber Kedokt Masy. 2010;26(2):81-89.
45. Teixeira JMA, Fisk NM, Glover V. Association between maternal anxiety in pregnancy and increased uterine artery resistance index: Cohort based study. Br Med J. 1999;318(7177):153-157. doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7177.153
46. Lee AM, Lam SK, Sze SM, Chong CS C, HW. Prevalence, course, and risk factors for antenatal anxiety and depression. Obs Gynecol. 2007;110(5):1102-1112.
47. Ouyang YQ, Nasrin L. Father’s knowledge, attitude and support to mother’s exclusive breastfeeding practices in bangladesh: A multi-group structural equations model analysis. Healthc. 2021;9(3). doi:10.3390/healthcare9030276
Authors
Handayani, I. F., Pertiwi, R., & Sugiarsih, U. (2025). THE IMPACT OF DEPRESSION SYMTOMS ON MATERNAL INCREASING THE INCIDENCE OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT (LBW) BABIES. JURNAL RISET KESEHATAN POLTEKKES DEPKES BANDUNG, 17(2), 742–751. https://doi.org/10.34011/juriskesbdg.v17i2.2502
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